时间:2021-12-07 601 16人参与
毕业于毕业于四川外国语大学,进修于美国威廉玛丽学院,拥有7年雅思口语/听力,托福口语科目教学经验,7年出国语言课程培训经验;雅思总分8分;剑桥大学英语教师资格证(CELTA)及TKT;英语专业八级;BEC商务英语高级学员出分率99.7%,学生好评分4.96分(满分5分)
2020年托福考试的阅读部分生物类文章占比达到了39%,生物学还有很多子学科,例如zoology,botany,microbe,paleontology,ecology等。今天我们就来单独研究一下聊ecology生态学。
其实生态学研究的是物种之间或者物种和栖息地之间的关系,而不是单个的物种。生态学的文章其实就是讲一些因素如何影响了某个物种,或某个物种如何影响了其他物种或栖息地。
一、影响因素
如果有一个因素要去影响某个物种一共有三种途径:
1. 直接影响;
2.影响栖息地然后间接影响这个物种;
3.影响其他物种进而影响这个物种。
Official22 Spartina 中人们想要减少米草属植物(Spartina)的数量,采用了直接焚烧,用疏浚物料(dredged material)或者粘土使其窒(smothering),利用除草剂(herbicide)以及反复割草(mow)等方法直接作用于米草属植物:
Efforts to control Spartina outside its natural environment have included burning, flooding, shading plants with black canvas or plastic, smothering the plants with dredged materials or clay, applying herbicide, and mowing repeatedly.
Official 4 Deer Populations of the Puget Sound 中提到鹿群数量的减少是因为人侵占(encroach)了鹿群赖以栖息的土地,影响了栖息地从而对鹿群数量造成了影响:
Aworsening of the plight of deer was to be expected as settlers encroached on the land, logging, burning, and clearing, eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads, cities, towns, and factories.
Official29 Competition 中提到大量南美洲哺乳动物灭绝是因为竞争不过入侵(invading)北美洲物种:
The result was the extermination of a large fraction of the South American mammals, which were apparently unable to withstand the competition from invading North American species----although added predation was also an important factor.
二、竞争
那他们到底竞争的是什么?所有的答案都在生态位(niche)
niche这个单词大家做生态类的文章会经常见到,字典中它的意思有:壁龛;合适的职业;生态位(一个生物所占生境的最小单位)。
在生态学文章中的niche就是生态位了,那么到底什么是生态位呢。
Official 3 The Long Term Stability of Ecosystems 中提到不同的物种可以填补相同的生态位(niche),并保持食物网的完整(intact):
Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web intact.
三、相关词汇
game 猎物
survival 幸存者
organism 有机体,有机物
plow 耕地
pioneer 拓荒者
dispersal 分散
viable 能养活的
germinate 发芽
ameliorate 改善
四、相关练习
official 3 The Long Term Stability of Ecosystems
official 5 Minerals and Plants
official 29 Competition
official 34 Protection of Plants by Insects
official 36 Industrial Melanism: The Case of the Peppered Moth
official 54 Overkill of the North American Megafauna
更多托福备考资料可点击下方,在线咨询哦~~~
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